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Glutamine catabolism, namely glutaminolysis, begins with its conversion to glutamate, which is catalyzed by the glutaminase (GLS) (Hassanein et al., 2013

In addition to arginine, it was demonstrated that tryptophan converted to kynurenine, catalyzed by the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1, induced the expression of IL-10 and TGF- in macrophages, thereby increasing continuous efferocytosis and favoring tolerance both in vitro and in vivo [83] (Fig

Problems arise when this balance is disrupted

The peptides status as a research-only compound means that these experiments are confined to preclinical models and are interpreted as exploratory rather than definitive evidence for any health claim

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